2024新课标I卷 D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"with the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?"
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,"said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
"Quite a lot,"Daru explained."Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places-and even species-that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image."
32.What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
33.What does Daru's study focus on?
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案解析：
32. 答案：B
解析：文章第一段提到，目前大多数生物多样性的记录通常是照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式。选项B(They are mostly in electronic form.)与文章内容相符。
33. 答案：C
解析：文章第二段提到，Daru想要了解这些观察数据是否可用，因为它们被用来研究物种如何应对全球变化。第三段也提到Daru和他的团队测试了这些数据如何很好地代表实际的全球生物多样性模式。选项C(Observational data.)是Daru研究的焦点。
34. 答案：C
解析：文章第四段提到，他们特别感兴趣的是探索倾向于使数据产生偏差的采样方面，比如公民科学家更可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是旁边的草。这表明采样方式的不当导致了数据的偏差。选项C(Improper way of sampling.)与文章内容相符。
35. 答案：D
解析：文章最后一段提到，生物多样性应用程序可以使用他们的研究结果来通知用户过度采样的区域，并引导他们前往采样不足的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传图像的身份。选项D(Give guidance to citizen scientists.)与Daru的建议相符。
