2022年新高考I卷
A
Grading Policies for introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
答案解析：
21. C 解析：本文是一份文学入门课程的评分政策，它详细说明了课程的成绩组成、评分标准、作业提交方式以及迟交作业的处理方法。这些都是课程计划中会包含的内容，因此最有可能的来源是课程计划。
22. B 解析：根据文章中的"Essays (60%)"，"Group Assignments (30%)"，"Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)"，可以得知学生的最终成绩由三部分组成，即论文、小组作业和日常作业/课堂写作和测试/小组工作/家庭作业。
23. A 解析：根据文章中的"An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero."，可以推断出如果论文迟交一个星期(假设一周有五个上课日)，将会失去四个等级，并在第四天之后得零分。因此，如果在一周后提交，将会得到零分。
B
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
答案解析：
24. B 解析：作者通过讲述芝麻菜的故事，想要表达的是我们有时会在无意中浪费食物。在文中，作者原本打算用芝麻菜做沙拉，但因为加班和朋友的邀请，最终导致芝麻菜变质被扔掉。这个故事反映了人们在日常生活中不经意间造成的食物浪费。
25. B 解析：根据文章第二段和第三段的内容，食物浪费会导致资源的浪费，如水、燃料等，这些都是用于生产食物的资源。文章还提到，如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。这些都说明食物浪费是一个环境问题。
26. D 解析：根据文章第四段，Curtin是DC Central Kitchen的CEO，这个组织回收食物并将其转化为健康的餐食。去年，他们通过捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，回收了超过807,500磅的食物。因此，Curtin的公司将不需要的食物变成餐食。
27. A 解析：根据文章最后一段，Curtin说每个人都可以在减少浪费中发挥作用，比如在每周购物时不要购买比必要更多的食物，或者要求餐厅不要上你不会吃的配菜。这表明Curtin建议人们只购买他们需要的东西，以减少食物浪费。
C
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
答案解析：
28. D 解析：文章第一段提到，这个项目的目的是为了减少老年人的孤独感并改善他们的福祉。因此，项目的目的是为了促进老年人的福利。
29. B 解析：根据文章第四段，Ruth Xavier 表示她非常喜欢这个项目，她每天早上都会去放鸡，晚上确认它们已经上床睡觉。她认为这样做很有趣，感觉做了一件有用的事情。这表明这个项目让她获得了一种成就感。
30. C 解析：在文章第七段中，"embark on" 这个短语用来描述 Wendy Wilson 所在的养老院是第一批参与这个项目的。在这里，"embark on" 的意思是“开始”，所以正确答案是 C。
31. A 解析：文章最后两段提到了两个不同的人物，Wendy Wilson 和 Lynn Lewis，他们都对这个项目表示了积极的评价。Wendy Wilson 表示居民们非常欢迎这个项目的想法和创意活动，而 Lynn Lewis 表示参与这个项目能够让居民通过共同的兴趣和创意活动建立联系。这表明该项目受到了好评。
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the university of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
答案解析：
32. D 解析：第二段提到“Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich，Switzerland，has found how and why this trend arose”，即Damián Blasi的研究团队发现了这种趋势(人类发音变化)是如何以及为什么产生的，因此他的研究重点是语音的发展。所以答案是D。
33. C 解析：文章第三段提到，古代成年人的上齿和下齿是对齐的，这使得产生由下唇触碰上齿形成的labiodentals(如“f”和“v”)变得困难。这说明古代人类成年人难以产生labiodentals是因为他们的颌部结构不方便。
34. A 解析：第五段提到了对语言数据库的分析，确认了在新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球性的变化，其中“f”和“v”的使用在过去的几千年中显著增加。这些分析结果支持了研究团队关于咬合变化与农业发展相关联的发现，因此这一段主要是关于支持研究结果的证据。
35. C 解析：最后一段中，Steven Moran提到，我们使用的语音声音集合并不一定自人类出现以来就保持稳定，而是生物变化和文化演化的复杂相互作用的结果。这表明他认为人类语音声音是一个复杂且动态的系统。
